ANALYSIS OF SUFFIX –ive, -ative and –itive
THEORITICAL REVIEW
·
Definition of
Morpheme
According
to Rachmadie (1990:9) says that it is clear that words do not always constitute
the smallest meaningful units in a language. These smaller parts are called
morphemes. According to Katamba (1994:20), says that morpheme is used to refer
to the smallest, indivisible units of semantic content or grammatical function which
words are made up of. He also said that a morpheme could not be decomposed into
smaller units, which were the meaningful by themselves or mark a grammatical
function, like singular or plural number in the noun. The concept of morpheme
differ form the concept word, as may morphemes cannot stand as words on their
own. A morpheme is free if it can stand alone, or bound if it is used
exclusively alongside a free morpheme. Such as /-s/, /-ly/, /im- /, /un-/ are
called bound morpheme (Katamba, 1994: 41). For example: the word “unbreakable”
has three morphemes “un- (meaning not) a bound morpheme,“-break-“
a free morpheme and “-able”. “un-“ is also a prefix,“-able”
is a suffix. Both are affixes. Based on the statement above, the writer concludes that morpheme is the
smallest part of construct words.
·
Types of Morpheme
According to Lieber (2009: 33), there are two types of morpheme. They are free morpheme and bound morpheme. The morpheme can stand alone as words: wipe, head, bracelet, and McDonald, these are called free morphemes. The morphemes that cannot stand alone are called bound morphemes. For example: un-, -ize, and -ation.
According to Lieber (2009: 33), there are two types of morpheme. They are free morpheme and bound morpheme. The morpheme can stand alone as words: wipe, head, bracelet, and McDonald, these are called free morphemes. The morphemes that cannot stand alone are called bound morphemes. For example: un-, -ize, and -ation.
A. Affixes
Affixes includes morpheme. It can be added to other morpheme (root/base) which is constructing a word formation and new meaning, the following are the further explanation.
·
Definition of Affixes
According to Rachmadie (1990: 13) says that morpheme as the basic for words are sometimes called roots or base. Thus, morphemes such as happy, quick, tidy, print are roots. On the other hand, morpheme such as –ly, -ness, un-, ir- is non roots. They are usually called affixes. Based on the statement above, the writer concludes that affixes are morphemes which are not clearly lexical meaning and it is attached in root morpheme.
According to Rachmadie (1990: 13) says that morpheme as the basic for words are sometimes called roots or base. Thus, morphemes such as happy, quick, tidy, print are roots. On the other hand, morpheme such as –ly, -ness, un-, ir- is non roots. They are usually called affixes. Based on the statement above, the writer concludes that affixes are morphemes which are not clearly lexical meaning and it is attached in root morpheme.
DISCUSSION
In this analysis, we analyze suffix
–ive, -ative and –itive. We analyze the
classifications of category, forms, and meaning of suffix -ive,
-itive and -ative. As we have already hinted, affix morphemes can be divided
into two major functional categories, namely derivational
morphemes and inflectional
morphemes. This reflects a recognition of
two principal word building processes : inflection and
derivation. But, we
only focus on suffix (-ive, -itive, -ative).
·
The origin of suffix -ive
The origin of -ive
in English can be traced back
to Latin and French. The Latin adjectival suffix -īvus, the model for
the corresponding suffixes in
Romance languages, and
the English -ive, was attached to participial verbal stems, as in
actīvus, affirmatīvus, captīvus, and natīvus, the core meaning of the suffix being ‘characterised by, having the quality of, or tending to an action’. The affix came into English via French loan words in the Middle English period, with the first attested loans in the Oxford English Dictionary including hastive (first citation dating from 1297), abortive, positive, plentive, and active. The coinage of new words in -ive in English has heavily favoured Latinate verb stems, but what probably assisted the incorporation of the suffix into the English derivational system was that the link between the adjectives in -ive and their underlying verbs is often transparent. Marchand (1969:316) observes that a number of
Latin loans in -ive “could be analyze as derived from [existing] English verbs in -s or -t”. He points out that this pattern then served as a basis for native coinages with the suffix attached to verbs ending in /t/ or /s/, occurring from the sixteenth century onwards, example : boastive, combative, debative, supportive, and wastive. In some cases – which are rather few in number – the adjectives have nominal bases, as in architective, bossive, and. The English-coined nounbased adjectives recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary are often jocular and not in frequent use; a more established example is authoritative from the noun authority, following the pattern of the Latin loan quantitative and its corresponding noun quantity.
actīvus, affirmatīvus, captīvus, and natīvus, the core meaning of the suffix being ‘characterised by, having the quality of, or tending to an action’. The affix came into English via French loan words in the Middle English period, with the first attested loans in the Oxford English Dictionary including hastive (first citation dating from 1297), abortive, positive, plentive, and active. The coinage of new words in -ive in English has heavily favoured Latinate verb stems, but what probably assisted the incorporation of the suffix into the English derivational system was that the link between the adjectives in -ive and their underlying verbs is often transparent. Marchand (1969:316) observes that a number of
Latin loans in -ive “could be analyze as derived from [existing] English verbs in -s or -t”. He points out that this pattern then served as a basis for native coinages with the suffix attached to verbs ending in /t/ or /s/, occurring from the sixteenth century onwards, example : boastive, combative, debative, supportive, and wastive. In some cases – which are rather few in number – the adjectives have nominal bases, as in architective, bossive, and. The English-coined nounbased adjectives recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary are often jocular and not in frequent use; a more established example is authoritative from the noun authority, following the pattern of the Latin loan quantitative and its corresponding noun quantity.
·
The origin of
suffix –ative
word-forming element
meaning "of or related to; tending to," from Latin -ativus. A combination
of –ate and –ive, used to form adjectives from stems in -ate, (regulative); on
this model, because of the frequency and productivity of -ate, used
independently to form adjectives from stems of other origin.
·
The origin of
suffix –itive
The
origin of -itive in English can
be traced back to Latin and French. The suffix From French -itif, -itive
or Latin -itīvus or –ītīvus.
- The Meaning of suffix –ive, –ative, -itive
The suffix –ive means “The quality of something.” Suffix
that comes at the end of a word and changes
the meaning. Meaning of suffix –ative and –itive same like suffix –ive. The main purpose of these
suffixes is to turn noun (person/place/thing) and verb (actions) into
adjectives (describing word).
The example :
Jhonson competes in car races.
I think Jhonson is too competitive !
Competes means strive
to gain or win something and competes is a verb. If we add suffix –ive it becomes competitive, competitive tells about as good as or better than others.
- The comparison of suffix –ive, -ative, -itive
a)
Suffix –ive
In suffix –ive we found suffix –ive is restricted for word ending in ‘s’ and ‘t’.
The word "nigga" is an offensive term.
I'm
sure Tom meant no offense.
Offense
means something that causes a person to be hurt,angry, or upset and Offense is a noun. If we add suffix –ive
it becomes Offensive, Offensive is an adjective and offensive explain word “term”.
b)
Suffix –ative
To form suffix
–ative we must combine –ate and –ive. Used to form
adjectives from -ate. However, if there is a corresponding noun ending in -ation, the adjective ending is
usually –ative.
Alternate -> Alternative
Provocate -> Provocative
Elaborate ->
Elaborative
Affirmation -> Affirmative
Information -> Informative
c)
Suffix –itive
Contrast with suffix –ative that has
corresponding noun ending in –ation
while in suffix –itive If the corresponding noun
ends in -sion or -tion not preceded by a, the ending is usually –itive. The
example :
Competition → Competitive
Sample words for suffix –ive
Ø Collect (verb) → Collective (Adj)
Ø Appoint (verb) →
Appointive (Adj)
Ø Defens (verb) → Defensive (Adj)
Ø Mass (noun) →
Massive (Adj)
Ø Extend (verb) →
Extensive (Adj)
Ø Execute (verb) → Executive (Adj)
Sample words for
suffix –ative
Ø Cooperate (verb) → Cooperative (Adj)
Ø Accelerate (verb) → Accelerative (Adj)
Ø Accommodate (verb) → Accommodative (Adj)
Ø Indicate (verb) → Indicative (Adj)
Ø Investigate (verb) → Investigative (Adj)
Ø Operate (verb) → Operative (Adj)
Sample words for suffix –itive
Ø Definition (noun) → Definitive
(Adj)
Ø Competition (noun) → Competitive (Adj)
Ø Unposition (noun) → Unpositive (Adj)
Ø Position (noun) → Positive (Adj)
Ø Repetition (noun) → Repetitive (Adj)
Ø Audition (noun) → Auditive (Adj)
Ø From Old france primitif, primitive
From Latin prīmitīvus, from prīmitus → Primitive
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